Chemistry

1. Introduction to Chemistry

• What is Chemistry?

• The Scientific Method

• Laboratory Safety and Equipment

2. Matter and Its Properties

• States of Matter: Solids, Liquids, Gases

• Physical and Chemical Properties

• Changes of State and Phase Transitions

• Density and Mass

3. Atomic Structure

• Basic Atomic Theory

• Structure of the Atom: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

• Atomic Number and Mass Number

• Isotopes

4. Periodic Table

• Organization of the Periodic Table

• Groups and Periods

• Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

• Trends in the Periodic Table

5. Chemical Bonding

• Ionic and Covalent Bonds

• Formation of Compounds

• Simple Molecular Structures

6. Chemical Reactions

• Types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Combustion

• Balancing Chemical Equations

• Law of Conservation of Mass

• Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

7. Acids and Bases

• Properties of Acids and Bases

• pH Scale

• Common Acids and Bases in Everyday Life

• Neutralization Reactions

8. Solutions and Solubility

• Solvents and Solutes

• Factors Affecting Solubility

• Concentration of Solutions

• Methods of Separation: Filtration, Distillation, Evaporation

9. Electricity and Chemistry

• Electrolysis

• Electroplating

• Applications of Electrochemistry

10. Metals and Nonmetals

• Properties of Metals and Nonmetals

• Reactivity Series of Metals

• Extraction and Uses of Metals

• Corrosion and Rusting

11. Environmental Chemistry

• Water Treatment and Purification

• Air Pollution and its Effects

• Recycling and Sustainable Practices

• Impact of Chemicals on the Environment

12. Practical Chemistry

• Laboratory Techniques and Experiments

• Measurement and Data Analysis

• Observations and Scientific Reporting

1. Atomic Structure

• Atomic Theory and Models

• Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

• Electron Configuration and Orbitals

2. Periodic Table and Periodicity

• Organisation of the Periodic Table

• Trends: Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy, Electronegativity

• Group and Period Properties

3. Chemical Bonding

• Ionic and Covalent Bonds

• Metallic Bonding

• Molecular Geometry and VSEPR Theory

• Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bonding, Van der Waals Forces

4. Stoichiometry

• Chemical Formulas and Equations

• Mole Concept and Avogadro's Number

• Empirical and Molecular Formulas

• Stoichiometric Calculations and Limiting Reactants

5. Thermochemistry

• Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

• Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy

• Calorimetry and Heat Capacity

6. Chemical Equilibria

• Dynamic Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle

• Equilibrium Constant (Kc) and Calculations

• Acid-Base Equilibria and pH

• Solubility Equilibria

1. Kinetics

1. • Reaction Rates and Rate Laws

   • Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

   • Activation Energy and Catalysts

   • Reaction Mechanisms
     
     

8. Acids and Bases

1. • Properties of Acids and Bases

   • Strong vs. Weak Acids/Bases

   • pH Scale and Calculations

   • Acid-Base Titration and Indicators

9. Electrochemistry

1. • Redox Reactions and Oxidation States

   • Electrochemical Cells and Galvanic Cells

   • Standard Electrode Potentials

   • Electrolysis and Applications

10. Organic Chemistry

1. • Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

   • Functional Groups and Nomenclature

   • Organic Reactions: Substitution, Addition, Elimination

   • Isomerism and Stereochemistry

   • Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids

11. Environmental Chemistry

1. • Water and Air Pollution

   • Green Chemistry Principles

   • Sustainable Practices and Renewable Resources

12. Practical Chemistry

1. • Laboratory Techniques and Safety

   • Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

   • Required Practical Experiments